The subject of this study is the role of the export factor in the formation of unequal exchange of labor in the global world market. The aim of the article is to assess the influence of the export factor on the unevenness in the exchange of labor. Materials and methods. The initial data is the database of indicators of the labor (LACEX) and labor content of exports (JOCEX) of the World Bank for 1997–2011, presented in the form of panel data. The following methods were applied: correlation and regression analysis, analysis of the variation indicators, tabular method of data visualization, extrapolation, generalization, deduction, synthesis. The nature of the theory of environmentally unequal exchange of labor and its evolution are investigated. Based on the analysis of the literature, the following factors of unequal exchange of labor were identified: international asymmetry in money and finance, differentiated purchasing power of the population and the volume of exports. Trends in the exchange of labor between developed countries (G7) and other states were revealed. The relationship between the share of exports in the gross output of goods, works, and services and labor exchange indices through forward and backward linkages is substantiated. Particular attention is paid to the imbalance in the formation of these relationships between countries at different levels of economic development. The scientific novelty of the study lies in substantiating and elucidating the contribution of the export factor to labor exports and imports for developed and developing countries (based on qualitative and quantitative indicators). The proposed and tested methodological approach to analyzing the effects of export volume on labor exchange processes, based on averaging panel data and applying regression models, has practical value.
Кeywords: labor import, labor export, value chains, labor mobility, labor force, regression, G7.

JEL Classification: F22, J61, K37, O15, R23

For citation
Tikhonova A.V. The export factor in the theory of ecologically unequal labor exchange. Issues of Migration, 2025, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 5–11. https://doi.org/10.65324/im006

This article examines the educational integration of migrants as a key factor in the social resilience of modern states in the context of increasing migration mobility and the increasing complexity of social processes. A comparative analysis of the integration practices of Germany, France, and the Czech Republic is used to examine the institutional mechanisms for integrating migrants into the educational, social, and economic spaces of host societies. The author argues that the effectiveness of migration policy is determined not only by the scale of migration flows but also by the quality of integration institutions that ensure access to education, the labor market, language training, and recognition of qualifications. It is found that the German model focuses on a combination of professional and language training, recognition of qualifications, and selective access to the labor market; the French model emphasizes civic-normative inclusion and the development of national values; and the Czech model emphasizes adaptation courses and regional infrastructure for supporting migrants. It is substantiated that developed educational and integration institutions contribute to reducing social conflict, strengthening social cohesion, and preventing the politicization of migration issues. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of using European experience in Russia and the EAEU countries. It is concluded that developing a system of language training, recognition of foreign qualifications, and long-term educational support for migrants is essential to improving the quality of human capital, social stability, and the effectiveness of state migration policy.

Keywords: social sustainability, educational integration, migration policy, adaptation of migrants, human capital, institutional models of integration, politicization of migration, language adaptation, recognition of qualifications, EAEU.

JEL Classification: F22, J61, K37, O15, R23

For citation
Rodionova M.E. Educational Integration of Migrants as a Factor in Social Resilience: A Comparative Analysis of European Adaptation Programs and lessons for Russia. Issues of Migration, 2025, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 12–19. https://doi.org/10.65324/im007

The Vysoki Dečani Monastery (Serbian: Visoki Dečani), or Vysoko-Dečani Lavra, is one of the largest and most significant monasteries of the Serbian Orthodox Church and a monastery in the Raška-Prizren Diocese. The monastery was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2004 as an outstanding monument of medieval Serbian culture and Orthodox art. Since 2006, the monastery has also been listed as a World Heritage Site in Danger due to the unstable situation in Kosovo and Metohija and the threat of attacks by Albanian extremist groups. This study focuses on one of the little-studied aspects of the monastery’s history — the Vysoko-Dečani Lavra Visitors’ Book, which contains numerous Russian names, signatures, entries, and commemorative notes. These materials are of significant value for the study of Russian-Serbian ecclesiastical and cultural ties, the history of pilgrimage, and Russian emigration in the Balkans.

Keywords: Russian emigration, Vysoki Dečani Monastery, Monastery Visitors’ Book, Serbia, Yugoslavia.

JEL Classification: F22, J61, K37, O15, R23

For citation
Antanasevich I.N. Visitors’ Book of the Vysoki Dečani Monastery: Russian Names. Issues of Migration, 2025, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 20–32. https://doi.org/10.65324/im008

This article presents the first comprehensive diachronic study of women’s social initiatives by Russian compatriots in China — from the emergence of the first forms of organized assistance in the late 19th century to contemporary projects in the 21st century. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including archival materials, émigré periodicals (Rubezh, Zhenskaya Gazeta, Sovremennaya Zhenshchin), field observations, and interviews with active diaspora leaders, the authors trace the evolution of women’s charitable, educational, professional, and socially adaptive activities. The focus is on key institutions: the Mariinsky Community of Sisters of Mercy in Harbin, the Olga Shelter, the Vladimir and Pokrovsky Convents of the Mother of God, the League of Russian Women in Shanghai, as well as contemporary structures — Russian clubs, the Association of Russian Scientists, the women’s community Lady Time, and volunteer aid groups. The authors demonstrate that, despite changing historical eras (the imperial period, the revolutionary exodus, the Japanese occupation, the formation of the People’s Republic of China, and the modern era), women have consistently served as a system-forming resource for the Russian diaspora in China, ensuring the continuity of language, cultural identity, and mutual support. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of female leadership in the Coordinating Council of Compatriots in China, where women constitute over 75% of the active members. The article introduces new names and practices into scholarly discourse, demonstrating the vital connection between the pre-revolutionary tradition of charity and contemporary volunteer and educational projects. This study is intended for historians of the diaspora, gender researchers, cultural scholars, and anyone interested in Russian-Chinese humanitarian ties.

Keywords: Russian emigration, China, Harbin, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian, Chengdu, the Mariinsky Community, the League of Russian Women, the Mother of God-Vladimir Convent in Shanghai, the Intercession Convent in Beijing, Russian compatriots.

JEL Classification: F22, J61, K37, O15, R23

For citation
Steblyanskaya A.N., Sherstyannikov M.Yu., Smolkova E.A. Women’s Initiatives of Russian Compatriots in China: From the Mariinsky Sisterhood to 21st Century Projects. Issues of Migration, 2025, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 33–54. https://doi.org/10.65324/im009

This article aims to examine the involvement of German citizens with a migration background in the country’s political processes, both as voters and as active participants in political struggles. Individuals with a migration background — descendants of foreigners born in Germany and holding German citizenship — represent a dynamic and growing segment of the country’s population and play an increasingly important role in its economy and politics, reflected in their growing membership in political parties, civil servants, and law enforcement agencies. The author examines the electoral preferences of this category of citizens, analyzes the correlation between the number of individuals with a migration background and their political participation in Germany overall and by region, and provides forecasts for possible changes in electoral preferences among this category based on the dynamics of changes in the number of individuals with a migration background. The cases of Russian Germans and Turkish immigrants, with their specific party preferences, are examined separately. The author puts forward the thesis as a predictive hypothesis that in the future the electoral potential of parties such as the Greens, the Left, and the SDP will be represented to a significant extent by representatives of this category of the country’s population and will be the main guarantee of these parties maintaining their political weight.

Keywords: Germany, migration, refugees, people with a migrant background, CDU/CSU, SPD, Greens, The Left, Alternative for Germany, Turkey, Russian Germans, DAVA.

JEL Classification: F22, J61, K37, O15, R23

For citation
Kamkin A.K. Persons with Migration Background in German Policy: Potential and Prospect. Issues of Migration, 2025, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 55–61. https://doi.org/10.65324/im010